南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院

簡(jiǎn)稱: 南醫(yī)三院
公立三甲綜合醫(yī)院

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疾病: 先天性髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位
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先天性髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位科普知識(shí) 查看全部

嬰幼兒髖關(guān)節(jié)彩超如何看?一、正常髖關(guān)節(jié)(I型)的特點(diǎn)及治療特點(diǎn):Ⅰ型髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育正常,其中又分Ia型和Ib型。Ia型β角小于55度,Ib型β角在55-77度,兩者α角都大于60度。髖臼角30°,α角60°,β角55°。髖臼對(duì)股骨頭有良好的覆蓋,骨頂外緣銳利成角(Ⅰa型)或輕度變鈍(Ⅰb型),臼頂軟骨狹窄呈三角形1。治療:對(duì)于Ⅰ型髖關(guān)節(jié),通常不需要特殊治療,只需定期進(jìn)行復(fù)查,觀察髖關(guān)節(jié)的發(fā)育情況。因?yàn)檫@是正常的髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育狀態(tài),在日常的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,正常的活動(dòng)和生活不會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生不良影響。但家長(zhǎng)也需要關(guān)注孩子的一些日常行為,例如孩子的活動(dòng)是否自如等,若發(fā)現(xiàn)異常情況應(yīng)及時(shí)就醫(yī)進(jìn)一步檢查。二、髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育稍差(Ⅱ型)的特點(diǎn)與治療特點(diǎn):Ⅱ型髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育稍差,分為Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱc、Ⅱd四個(gè)亞型。Ⅱa型指出生12周以內(nèi)嬰兒,α角為50°-59°,β角小于55度;Ⅱb型指12周以上嬰兒髖,α角50°-59°,β角55°;Ⅱc型α角43°-49°,β角小于77度;Ⅱd型α角同Ⅱc型,β角大于77度。髖臼角在30°-43°之間,α角55°-60°,β角55°。該型髖的骨性髖臼外上緣缺少鈣化,骨頂輪廓發(fā)育缺陷的部分由軟骨頂增寬充填,覆蓋在股骨頭上25。治療:對(duì)于Ⅱ型髖關(guān)節(jié),尤其是Ⅱa和Ⅱb型,因?yàn)樘幱隗y關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育的臨界狀態(tài)或者骨化延遲狀態(tài),在早期通常采取觀察和定期復(fù)查的策略。如果沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步的惡化或者有好轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì),可以繼續(xù)觀察。而對(duì)于Ⅱc和Ⅱd型髖臼發(fā)育不良的情況,可采用軟式支具矯治,如Pavlik吊帶等。通過(guò)支具將髖關(guān)節(jié)保持在合適的位置,促進(jìn)髖臼的正常發(fā)育。在使用支具期間,需要定期進(jìn)行超聲檢查來(lái)評(píng)估治療效果,并且要注意支具的佩戴是否合適,避免對(duì)孩子的皮膚等造成損傷。三、髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良(Ⅲ型)的特點(diǎn)與治療特點(diǎn):Ⅲ型髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良,分為Ⅲa和Ⅲb型。Ⅲ型髖關(guān)節(jié)髖臼角43°-55°,α角40°-55°,β角55°-77°。兩類髖中股骨頭均向上外方脫位,Ⅲa軟骨頂為無(wú)回聲結(jié)構(gòu),是透明軟骨成分,Ⅲb的軟骨頂可見(jiàn)有程度不同回聲,說(shuō)明透明軟骨可能發(fā)生了纖維化或變性改變。在單一冠狀聲像上,脫位的股骨頭和髖臼不能同時(shí)完整顯現(xiàn),參考測(cè)量點(diǎn)難以辨認(rèn)5。治療:對(duì)于Ⅲ型髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良,早期(6-7個(gè)月以下)可采用保守治療,如使用Pavlik吊帶、支具等。從經(jīng)驗(yàn)和文獻(xiàn)的報(bào)道來(lái)說(shuō),這種保守治療對(duì)于這個(gè)年齡段的孩子成功率可以達(dá)到90%以上。在使用支具或吊帶期間,需要密切關(guān)注孩子髖關(guān)節(jié)的復(fù)位情況,定期進(jìn)行超聲檢查。如果保守治療不成功,可以改用麻醉下石膏復(fù)位。經(jīng)過(guò)復(fù)位的關(guān)節(jié)對(duì)髖臼的刺激,局部發(fā)育就會(huì)逐步的改善。同時(shí),在治療過(guò)程中,還需要關(guān)注孩子下肢的血液循環(huán)、神經(jīng)功能等情況,避免因治療導(dǎo)致其他并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)。四、髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位(Ⅳ型)的特點(diǎn)與治療特點(diǎn):Ⅳ型髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,髖臼角55°,α角40°,β角77°。此型髖的聲學(xué)特點(diǎn)是股骨頭脫位,表面只有薄層關(guān)節(jié)囊覆蓋,髖臼唇盂和軟骨頂也向原始髖臼的內(nèi)下方移位。在B超下α角甚至測(cè)量不出,屬于髖關(guān)節(jié)高位脫位的情況212。治療:對(duì)于Ⅳ型髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,因?yàn)槊撐磺闆r較為嚴(yán)重,一般需要積極治療。對(duì)于6-7個(gè)月以下的嬰兒,如果保守治療(如Pavlik吊帶等)效果不佳,可考慮麻醉下石膏復(fù)位。而對(duì)于年齡較大的孩子(7-18個(gè)月),可能需要進(jìn)行麻醉下閉合復(fù)位或者切開(kāi)復(fù)位,然后用石膏固定。在復(fù)位過(guò)程中,要確保股骨頭準(zhǔn)確復(fù)位到髖臼內(nèi),并且要關(guān)注復(fù)位后髖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性。在術(shù)后,需要長(zhǎng)期的康復(fù)隨訪,觀察髖關(guān)節(jié)的發(fā)育情況以及孩子的下肢功能恢復(fù)情況,預(yù)防股骨頭壞死、髖關(guān)節(jié)僵硬等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。五、髖關(guān)節(jié)半脫位(Ⅴ型)的特點(diǎn)與治療特點(diǎn):Ⅴ型髖關(guān)節(jié)半脫位,髖臼角55°,α角40°,β角77°-90°。髖關(guān)節(jié)處于半脫位狀態(tài),股骨頭部分脫離髖臼,關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性受到影響,髖臼對(duì)股骨頭的覆蓋不完全,這會(huì)影響髖關(guān)節(jié)的正常發(fā)育和功能1。治療:對(duì)于Ⅴ型髖關(guān)節(jié)半脫位的治療與Ⅲ型髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良類似。在早期可嘗試保守治療,如使用Pavlik吊帶或支具,并且定期復(fù)查超聲,觀察髖關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)位情況。如果保守治療失敗,根據(jù)孩子的年齡可選擇麻醉下石膏復(fù)位(6-7個(gè)月以下)或者其他更復(fù)雜的復(fù)位手術(shù)(年齡較大時(shí))。在整個(gè)治療過(guò)程中,同樣要關(guān)注髖關(guān)節(jié)的功能恢復(fù)和發(fā)育情況,避免出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥。
臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良Borderline DDH (5):MRI上的股骨骨骺髖臼頂指數(shù)(FEAR)測(cè)量臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良BorderlineDDH(5):MRI上的股骨骨骺髖臼頂指數(shù)(FEAR)測(cè)量是否預(yù)測(cè)臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的不穩(wěn)定性?作者:CécileBatailler,JanWeidner,MichaelWyatt,DominikPfluger,MartinBeck作者單位:CHULyonCroix-Rousse,HospicesCivilsdeLyon,Lyon,France.譯者:陶可(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)科)摘要目的:臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良型既可以表現(xiàn)為穩(wěn)定,也可以表現(xiàn)為不穩(wěn)定,這使得手術(shù)決策具有挑戰(zhàn)性。雖然不穩(wěn)定髖關(guān)節(jié)最好通過(guò)髖臼重新定位來(lái)治療,但穩(wěn)定的髖關(guān)節(jié)可以通過(guò)關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療。幾個(gè)成像參數(shù)可以幫助確定適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼椒ǎㄔ谄胀╔線片上測(cè)量的股骨-骨骺髖臼頂(FEAR)指數(shù)。本研究的目的是評(píng)估MRI上FEAR指數(shù)與其放射學(xué)測(cè)量相比的可靠性和敏感性?;颊吆头椒ǎ憾x了在MRI上測(cè)量FEAR指數(shù)的技術(shù)并驗(yàn)證了其可靠性。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究評(píng)估了三組20名患者:一組不穩(wěn)定的“臨界發(fā)育不良型髖關(guān)節(jié)”,其外側(cè)中心邊緣角(LCEA)小于25°,通過(guò)髖臼周圍截骨術(shù)成功治療;一組穩(wěn)定的“臨界發(fā)育不良型髖關(guān)節(jié)”,其LCEA小于25°,通過(guò)撞擊手術(shù)成功治療;另一組無(wú)癥狀對(duì)照組,其LCEA在25°至35°之間。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)X線片和MRI上均進(jìn)行了以下測(cè)量:LCEA、髖臼指數(shù)、股骨前傾角和FEAR指數(shù)。結(jié)果:FEAR指數(shù)在MRI和X線片上均表現(xiàn)出極好的觀察者內(nèi)和觀察者間可靠性。X線片上的FEAR指數(shù)比MRI上的更可靠。與不穩(wěn)定臨界組(平均7.9°(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差6.8°))相比,穩(wěn)定臨界組的MRI上的FEAR指數(shù)較低。在FEAR指數(shù)截止值為2°的情況下,使用放射學(xué)FEAR指數(shù)可以正確識(shí)別90%的患者為穩(wěn)定或不穩(wěn)定,而使用MRI上的FEAR指數(shù)則為82.5%。與MRI相比,F(xiàn)EAR指數(shù)在普通X線片上更能預(yù)測(cè)不穩(wěn)定性。結(jié)論:MRI上測(cè)量的FEAR指數(shù)比X線片上測(cè)量的FEAR指數(shù)更不可靠,靈敏度也更低。放射學(xué)FEAR指數(shù)的2°臨界值預(yù)測(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的概率為90%。討論本研究的主要結(jié)果是,在普通骨盆X線片上測(cè)量FEAR指數(shù)比在MRI上具有更高的靈敏度和可靠性。當(dāng)LCEA在20°和25°之間時(shí),區(qū)分穩(wěn)定和不穩(wěn)定髖關(guān)節(jié)可能具有挑戰(zhàn)性。決定采用哪種手術(shù)治療主要取決于髖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性或不穩(wěn)定性。通過(guò)新的影像學(xué)征象來(lái)改善診斷不僅有意義,而且必不可少。隨著關(guān)節(jié)鏡實(shí)踐的進(jìn)步,在同側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)鏡髖關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)失敗后,隨后接受PAO截骨以矯正癥狀性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的患者比例從2008年到2015年增加了1.92倍。臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者的手術(shù)選擇包括關(guān)節(jié)鏡盂唇修復(fù)和關(guān)節(jié)囊閉合/折疊,有時(shí)還伴有凸輪切除術(shù),或伴有或不伴有盂唇修復(fù)/凸輪切除術(shù)的PAO截骨術(shù)。治療方案的選擇受到多種因素的影響,包括患者年齡、患者偏好,尤其是外科醫(yī)生是否認(rèn)為髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定。在骨性結(jié)構(gòu)覆蓋不足的情況下,進(jìn)行髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是因不穩(wěn)定、髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位或關(guān)節(jié)炎進(jìn)展而導(dǎo)致的持續(xù)疼痛。這必須與PAO截骨并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相平衡,即使是由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的外科醫(yī)生進(jìn)行手術(shù),輕度發(fā)育不良患者的臨床改善效果也會(huì)較低。有報(bào)道稱,臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)的保髖手術(shù)失敗,因?yàn)榇_定不穩(wěn)定或穩(wěn)定的髖關(guān)節(jié)可能很困難,并可能導(dǎo)致治療不當(dāng)。如果在髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的FAI,那么不適當(dāng)?shù)淖矒羰中g(shù),不注意發(fā)育不良,可能會(huì)增加不穩(wěn)定的癥狀。需要制定嚴(yán)格的患者選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn),才能考慮對(duì)臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良進(jìn)行髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查。最近的一項(xiàng)研究回顧了1368例髖臼發(fā)育不良髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)在某些明確和選定的臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良病例中,可以考慮單獨(dú)使用髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查,但必須仔細(xì)注意保存盂唇和關(guān)節(jié)囊。然而,許多研究表明,如果發(fā)育不良為中度或重度,且患者選擇不太嚴(yán)格,則臨床結(jié)果不佳,并且存在醫(yī)源性不穩(wěn)定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。髖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性通常使用LCEA進(jìn)行評(píng)估;然而,僅憑這種測(cè)量不足以評(píng)估臨界髖關(guān)節(jié),需要使用其他評(píng)估參數(shù)。一些放射學(xué)或MRI參數(shù)直接由股骨頭移位引起,因此高度提示髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定,例如髂坐線距離增加、Shenton線斷裂或后下關(guān)節(jié)間隙存在釓(髖關(guān)節(jié)造影檢查)。不穩(wěn)定髖關(guān)節(jié)可能存在其他放射學(xué)或MRI征象,但預(yù)測(cè)性較差,例如LCEA介于20°和25°之間、AI大于10°、髖外翻、股骨前傾或盂唇體積增大。其他參數(shù)可評(píng)估髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的嚴(yán)重程度,尤其是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的實(shí)施。Wyatt等描述的放射學(xué)FEAR指數(shù)表示髖關(guān)節(jié)生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中股骨近端骨骺板的合力。該指數(shù)反映了髖關(guān)節(jié)在生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中的功能行為(穩(wěn)定或不穩(wěn)定)。Wyatt等報(bào)道稱,如果患者出現(xiàn)髖關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和臨界發(fā)育不良(定義為L(zhǎng)CEA20°至25°),則放射學(xué)FEAR指數(shù)小于5°表示髖關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定的可能性為80%。FEAR指數(shù)的可靠性非常好,至少與LCEA或AI的可靠性一樣好。FEAR指數(shù)優(yōu)于LCEA的原因可能是難以定義髖臼源邊緣,正如已經(jīng)提到的。在本研究中,放射學(xué)FEAR指數(shù)的截止值為2°可預(yù)測(cè)穩(wěn)定性,90%的患者被正確判斷為穩(wěn)定或不穩(wěn)定。隨著這種測(cè)量方法在臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的X線片上的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛,正常值和截止值的定義也越來(lái)越明確。有時(shí),F(xiàn)EAR指數(shù)很難在X線片上測(cè)量。事實(shí)上,骨骺瘢痕的界限有時(shí)很難確定,并可能導(dǎo)致測(cè)量誤差。因此,我們?cè)u(píng)估了FEAR指數(shù)的可靠性,并由兩名獨(dú)立觀察員進(jìn)行評(píng)估。在我們的研究和Wyatt等的研究中,X線片和MRIFEAR指數(shù)表現(xiàn)出極好的觀察者間和觀察者內(nèi)可靠性,并且被證明優(yōu)于AI或LCEA。FEAR指數(shù)的假陽(yáng)性或陰性率主要是由于在某些情況下難以進(jìn)行測(cè)量。MRI是一種非常準(zhǔn)確的檢查,尤其是帶有放射狀切口的MR關(guān)節(jié)造影,這是目前評(píng)估原生髖關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)病變的最佳術(shù)前成像研究。骨骺瘢痕在MRI上很容易被看到,這似乎是提高該參數(shù)靈敏度的有希望的途徑。然而,我們的研究表明,MRI的可靠性和靈敏度低于普通的放射學(xué)測(cè)量??梢蕴岢鰩追N解釋。在X線片上,骺板瘢痕代表每個(gè)額葉切片的不同骺板瘢痕的平均值,因此也代表生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中作用于整個(gè)股骨頭的力量平衡的平均值。對(duì)于MRI上的FEAR指數(shù),為了獲得一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單可靠的指數(shù),我們選擇僅在一個(gè)圖像切片上測(cè)量FEAR指數(shù)。增加測(cè)量次數(shù)會(huì)增加出錯(cuò)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。與靜態(tài)X線片相比,3DMRI重建的準(zhǔn)確性會(huì)降低。然而,根據(jù)所選的額葉切片,骺板瘢痕的形狀在各個(gè)切片之間可能有所不同,并且骺板瘢痕的方向可能會(huì)發(fā)生幾度的變化。髖臼也可能出現(xiàn)同樣的問(wèn)題,因?yàn)樗赡軙?huì)根據(jù)與髖臼窩的距離而發(fā)生顯著變化。此外,Wyatt等指出,F(xiàn)EAR指數(shù)代表髖關(guān)節(jié)的力量平衡。僅使用股骨頭中部骨骺瘢痕的軸線主要考慮股骨頭上部和頂部之間施加的力量。如果患者因不穩(wěn)定而出現(xiàn)股骨頭輕微半脫位,則矢狀圖上位于髖臼12點(diǎn)鐘位置的切片與位于股骨頭12點(diǎn)鐘位置的切片不同(圖4)。因此,骨骺瘢痕中央部分的測(cè)量可能不正確。股骨旋轉(zhuǎn)或外展可能引起的變化與X線片相同。我們的研究有一些局限性。首先,納入的患者數(shù)量很少,無(wú)法匹配某些參數(shù)(LCEA、性別)。盡管如此,有癥狀的臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)患者并不常見(jiàn),需要進(jìn)行完整的影像學(xué)檢查才能比較X線片和MRI。不穩(wěn)定是由多種因素和手術(shù)后癥狀的發(fā)展決定的。因此,該診斷是根據(jù)參數(shù)關(guān)聯(lián)進(jìn)行的,并構(gòu)成了不穩(wěn)定性的功能定義。這項(xiàng)研究是回顧性的,因此我們可以顯示關(guān)聯(lián)但不能做出預(yù)測(cè)。此外,沒(méi)有評(píng)估某些參數(shù),例如全身韌帶松弛、肌肉調(diào)節(jié)或體重指數(shù)。兩年的隨訪似乎太短了。然而,當(dāng)康復(fù)沒(méi)有進(jìn)展時(shí),通常會(huì)在3到6個(gè)月內(nèi)懷疑結(jié)果不佳。相反,1到1年半后,髖關(guān)節(jié)通常在功能和疼痛方面達(dá)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。因此,兩年的限制似乎是合理的,盡管可能更傾向于更長(zhǎng)的隨訪時(shí)間??傊琈RI上測(cè)量的FEAR指數(shù)不如X線片上測(cè)量的FEAR指數(shù)可靠。此外,與MRI相比,F(xiàn)EA指數(shù)是X線片上不穩(wěn)定性的更好的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。放射學(xué)FEAR指數(shù)的2°截止值預(yù)測(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的概率為90%。放射學(xué)FEAR指數(shù)是輔助復(fù)雜髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定診斷的可靠參數(shù)。需要前瞻性評(píng)估該測(cè)量值以預(yù)測(cè)漸進(jìn)性不穩(wěn)定。?Fig1a)Anteroposteriorpelvicradiographandb)hipMRIinfrontalandsagittalviewswithapositiveFemoro-EpiphysealAcetabularRoof(FEAR)index(anglebetweenthephysealscarandthesclerosisofthesourcil)forapatientwithaborderlinedysplastichip(lateralcentre-edgeangle=17.2°,acetabularindex=12.6°)treatedwithperiacetabularosteotomy.圖1?a)前后位骨盆X線片和b)髖關(guān)節(jié)正位和矢狀位MRI,股骨-骨骺髖臼頂(FEAR)指數(shù)(骨骺瘢痕與髖臼硬化之間的角度)為陽(yáng)性,適用于接受髖臼周圍截骨術(shù)治療的臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者(外側(cè)中心邊緣角=17.2°,髖臼指數(shù)=12.6°)。Fig2a)Anteroposteriorpelvicradiographandb)hipMRIinfrontalandsagittalviewswithanegativeFemoro-EpiphysealAcetabularRoof(FEAR)index(anglebetweenthephysealscarandthesclerosisofthesourcil)forapatientwithaborderlinedysplastichip(lateralcentre-edgeangle=24°,acetabularindex=9°)treatedwithimpingementsurgery.圖2?a)前后位骨盆X線片和b)髖關(guān)節(jié)正面和矢狀面MRI,股骨-骨骺髖臼頂(FEAR)指數(shù)(骨骺瘢痕與髖臼硬化之間的角度)為陰性,適用于接受撞擊手術(shù)治療的臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者(外側(cè)中心邊緣角=24°,髖臼指數(shù)=9°)。Fig3Boxplotsofa)theradiologicalFemoro-EpiphysealAcetabularRoof(FEAR)indexandb)theFEARindexonMRI,comparingallthreegroups.Theboxplotsareconstitutedofseveraldata.Themedian(middlequartile)marksthemid-pointofthedataandisshownbythelinethatdividestheboxintotwoparts.Themiddleboxrepresentsthemiddle50%ofscoresforthegroup,delineatedbythelowerandtheupperquartiles.Theupperandlowerwhiskersrepresentthehighestandlowestvalueexcludingoutliers.Thetriangularplotpointsaretheoutliersortheextremes.圖3?箱線圖,a)放射學(xué)股骨-骨骺髖臼頂(FEAR)指數(shù)和b)MRI上的FEAR指數(shù),比較所有三組。箱線圖由多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)組成。中位數(shù)(中間四分位數(shù))標(biāo)記數(shù)據(jù)的中點(diǎn),由將箱子分成兩部分的線表示。中間框代表該組中間50%的分?jǐn)?shù),由下四分位數(shù)和上四分位數(shù)劃定。上下頂部代表不包括異常值的最高值和最低值。三角形圖點(diǎn)是異常值或極值。Fig4MRIinsagittalandfrontalviewofaborderlinedysplastichip.Thefrontalslideislocatedat12o’clockontheacetabulumonthesagittalview.Thisdidnotcorrespondtothe12o’clockpositionofthefemoralhead,duetosmallsubluxationofthefemoralhead.圖4?臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的矢狀位和正位MRI。正面滑動(dòng)位于矢狀位上髖臼的12點(diǎn)鐘位置。由于股骨頭有輕微的半脫位,這與股骨頭的12點(diǎn)鐘位置不符。?FemoralosteotomyforosteonecrosisofthefemoralheadAbstractAims:Aborderlinedysplastichipcanbehaveaseitherstableorunstableandthismakessurgicaldecisionmakingchallenging.Whileanunstablehipmaybebesttreatedbyacetabularreorientation,stablehipscanbetreatedarthroscopically.Severalimagingparameterscanhelptoidentifytheappropriatetreatment,includingtheFemoro-EpiphysealAcetabularRoof(FEAR)index,measuredonplainradiographs.TheaimofthisstudywastoassessthereliabilityandthesensitivityofFEARindexonMRIcomparedwithitsradiologicalmeasurement.Patientsandmethods:ThetechniqueofmeasuringtheFEARindexonMRIwasdefinedanditsreliabilityvalidated.Aretrospectivestudyassessedthreegroupsof20patients:anunstablegroupof'borderlinedysplastichips'withlateralcentreedgeangle(LCEA)lessthan25°treatedsuccessfullybyperiacetabularosteotomy;astablegroupof'borderlinedysplastichips'withLCEAlessthan25°treatedsuccessfullybyimpingementsurgery;andanasymptomaticcontrolgroupwithLCEAbetween25°and35°.ThefollowingmeasurementswereperformedonbothstandardizedradiographsandonMRI:LCEA,acetabularindex,femoralanteversion,andFEARindex.Results:TheFEARindexshowedexcellentintraobserverandinterobserverreliabilityonbothMRIandradiographs.TheFEARindexwasmorereliableonradiographsthanonMRI.TheFEARindexonMRIwaslowerinthestableborderlinegroup(mean-4.2°(sd9.1°))comparedwiththeunstableborderlinegroup(mean7.9°(sd6.8°)).WithaFEARindexcut-offvalueof2°,90%ofpatientswerecorrectlyidentifiedasstableorunstableusingtheradiologicalFEARindex,comparedwith82.5%usingtheFEARindexonMRI.TheFEARindexwasabetterpredictorofinstabilityonplainradiographsthanonMRI.Conclusion:TheFEARindexmeasuredonMRIislessreliableandlesssensitivethantheFEARindexmeasuredonradiographs.Thecut-offvalueof2°forradiologicalFEARindexpredictedhipstabilitywith90%probability.Citethisarticle:BoneJointJ2019;101-B:1578-1584.DiscussionThemainresultofthisstudyisthattheFEARindexismeasuredwithgreatersensitivityandreliabilityonplainpelvicradiographsthanonMRI.DifferentiatingastableversusunstablehipcanbechallengingwhentheLCEAisbetween20°and25°.Decidinguponaparticularsurgicaltreatmentdependsprincipallyonthestabilityorinstabilityofthehip.5-7Improvingthediagnosisbynewimagingsignsisnotonlyinterestingbutisalsoessential.Asarthroscopypracticehasadvanced,theproportionofpatientsundergoingasubsequentPAOforthecorrectionofsymptomaticacetabulardysplasiafollowingafailedipsilateralarthroscopichipprocedure,hasincreasedby1.92-foldfrom2008to2015.8Surgicaloptionsforpatientswithaborderlinedysplastichipincludearthroscopiclabralrepairwithcapsularclosure/plication,andsometimeswithcamresection,orPAOwithorwithoutconcomitantlabralrepair/camresection.Thetreatmentchosenisinfluencedbymultiplefactorsincludingpatientage,patientpreference,andespeciallywhetherthesurgeonbelievesthehipisunstableornot.10Theriskofhiparthroscopyinthesettingofinadequatebonecoverageispersistentpainduetoinstability,hipdislocation,orarthriticprogressionofthejoint.18ThismustbebalancedwiththeriskofcomplicationswithPAO,evenwhenperformedbyexperiencedsurgeons,andlowerincrementalclinicalimprovementinpatientswithmilddysplasia.Therearereportcasesoffailureofhippreservationsurgeryonborderlinehips,becausedeterminationofanunstableorstablehipcanbedifficultandmayleadtoincorrecttreatment.8,19-21IfpotentialFAIisfoundconcurrentlywithhipdysplasiatheninappropriateimpingementsurgery,withoutattentiontothedysplasia,canincreasethesymptomsfrominstability.Stringentcriteriaforpatientselectionareneededtoconsiderhiparthroscopyforborderlinedysplastichips.22,23Arecentreview,on1368hiparthroscopiesonacetabulardysplasia,foundthattheisolateduseofhiparthroscopymaybeconsideredinsomedefinedandselectedcasesofborderlineacetabulardysplasia,whencarefulattentionispaidtolabralandcapsularpreservation.24However,manystudieshavedescribedpoorclinicaloutcomesandtheriskofiatrogenicinstability,ifthedysplasiaismoderateorsevere,andifthepatientselectionisnotveryrestricted.24StabilityofthehipisclassicallyassessedbyusingtheLCEA;18nevertheless,thismeasurementaloneisinsufficientforborderlinehipandtheuseofotherassessmentparametersisrequired.SomeradiologicalorMRIparametersaredirectlyduetofemoralheadmigrationandarethereforehighlyindicativeofhipinstability,suchasanincreaseofthedistancefromtheilioischialline,abreakinShenton’sline,orthepresenceofGadoliniumintheposteroinferiorjointspace.24OtherradiologicalorMRIsignscanbepresentinunstablehipbutarelesspredictive,suchasLCEAbetween20°and25°,AIgreaterthan10°,coxavalga,femoralanteversion,orincreasedlabralvolume.Otherparametersassesstheseverityofhipdysplasia,inparticularfortheimplementationoftotalhiparthroplasty.25TheradiologicalFEARindex,describedbyWyattetal,13representstheresultantoftheforcesacrosstheproximalfemoralphysisduringhipgrowth.Thisindexreflectsthefunctionalbehaviour(stableorunstable)ofthehipduringgrowth.Wyattetal13reportedthatifapatientpresentswithhippainandborderlinedysplasia(definedasaLCEA20°to25°),aradiologicalFEARindexlessthan5°indicatesan80%probabilitythatthehipisstable.ThereliabilityoftheFEARindexwasexcellentandatleastasgoodasthereliabilityofLCEAorAI.ThesuperiorityoftheFEARindexcomparedwithLCEAmaybebecauseofdifficultyindefiningtheedgeoftheacetabularsourcil,ashasbeenalludedto.26Inthisstudy,acut-offvalueof2°forradiologicalFEARindexpredictsstability,with90%ofpatientscorrectlyidentifiedasstableorunstable.Withthewideruseofthismeasurementonradiographsforborderlinedysplastichip,normalandcut-offvaluesarebecomingbetterdefined.Occasionally,theFEARindexisdifficulttomeasureonradiographs.Indeed,thelimitsofthephysealscararesometimeshardtodetermineandcanleadtomeasurementserrors.Accordingly,weassessedthereliabilityoftheFEARindexwasassessedwithtwoindependentobservers.TheradiographicandMRIFEARindicesshowedexcellentinter-andintraobserverreliabilityinourstudyandinthestudybyWyattetal,13andwasshowntobesuperiortotheAIorLCEA.ThefalsepositiveornegativeratesoftheFEARindexaremainlyduetothedifficultyintakingmeasurementsinsomecases.TheMRIisaveryaccurateinvestigation,particularlytheMRarthrogramwithradialcuts,whichispresentlythebestavailablepreoperativeimagingstudytoevaluateintra-articularlesionsofnativehip.27-30ThephysealscariseasilyvisualizedonMRIanditseemedapromisingroutetoimprovethesensitivityofthisparameter.Nevertheless,ourstudyhasdemonstratedthatMRIislessreliableandlesssensitivethanplainradiologicalmeasurement.Severalexplanationscanbeproposed.Onradiographs,thephysealscarrepresentsameanofdifferentphysealscarsofeachfrontalslice,andthusameanofthebalanceofforcesactingonthewholefemoralheadduringgrowth.FortheFEARindexonMRI,inordertoobtainaneasyandreliableindex,wehavechosentomeasuretheFEARindexononlyoneimageslice.Increasingthenumberofmeasurementsincreasestheriskoferrors.MRIreconstructionin3Dlosesaccuracycomparedwithastaticradiograph.However,accordingtothechosenfrontalslice,theshapeofthephysealscarcanvarybetweenslicesandtheorientationofthephysealscarcanchangebyseveraldegrees.Thesameproblemcanarisefortheacetabularsourcil,whichcanchangemarkedlyaccordingtothedistancetotheacetabularfossa.Additionally,Wyattetal13statedthattheFEARindexrepresentsthebalanceofforcesonthehip.Usingonlytheaxisofthephysealscarinthemiddleofthefemoralheadmainlyconsiderstheforcesexertedbetweenthesuperiorpartofthefemoralheadandthesuperiorpartoftheroof.Ifthepatienthasasmallsubluxationofthefemoralheadduetoinstability,theslicelocatedat12o’clockontheacetabulumonthesagittalviewisnotthesameastheslidelocatedat12o’clockonthefemoralhead(Fig.4).Thus,themeasureofthecentralpartofthephysealscarcanbeincorrect.Thevariationspotentiallyinducedbythefemoralrotationorabductionarethesameaswithradiographs.Ourstudyhassomelimitations.First,thenumberofpatientsincludedwaslow,withoutpossiblematchingofsomeparameters(LCEA,sex).Nevertheless,patientswithsymptomaticborderlinehipsareuncommonandcompleteimagingexaminationswerenecessarytocompareradiographsandMRI.Theinstabilitywasdeterminedbyseveralfactorsandbytheevolutionofsymptomsafterthesurgery.Thus,thisdiagnosiswasperformedonanassociationofparametersandconstituteafunctionaldefinitionofinstability.Thisstudywasretrospective,andthusallowsustoshowassociationsbutnottomakepredictions.Moreover,someparameterswerenotassessed,suchasthegeneralizedligamentouslaxity,muscularconditioning,orbodymassindex.Thefollow-upoftwoyearsmayseemtooshort.However,apoorresultusuallyissuspectedwithinthreetosixmonths,whenrehabilitationisnotprogressing.Incontrast,afteroneto1.5yearsthehiphasusuallyreachedasteadystateconcerningfunctionandpain.Therefore,atwo-yearlimitseemsrational,althoughalongerfollow-upmightbepreferred.Inconclusion,theFEARindexmeasuredonMRIislessreliablethantheFEARindexmeasuredonplainradiographs.Moreover,theFEARindexisabetterpredictorofinstabilityonplainradiographscomparedwithMRI.Thecut-offvalueof2°fortheradiologicalFEARindexpredictedhipstabilitywith90%probability.ThisradiologicalFEARindexconstitutesareliableparametertoaidthecomplexdiagnosisofhipinstability.Thismeasurementneedstobeassessedprospectivelyforthepredictionofprogressiveinstability.文獻(xiàn)出處:CécileBatailler,JanWeidner,MichaelWyatt,DominikPfluger,MartinBeck.IstheFemoro-EpiphysealAcetabularRoof(FEAR)indexonMRIarelevantpredictivefactorofinstabilityinaborderlinedysplastichip?BoneJointJ.2019Dec;101-B(12):1578-1584.doi:10.1302/0301-620X.101B12.BJJ-2019-0502.R1.