二甲雙胍的臨床應(yīng)用
福建省人民醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科(350004) 衡先培 二甲雙胍是含兩個(gè)胍基的基本結(jié)構(gòu)加上一個(gè)含兩個(gè)甲基的側(cè)鏈,其血漿半衰期約1.5小時(shí),大部分以原形由尿排出。繼70年代進(jìn)入使用低潮后,1992年以后認(rèn)識(shí)到其在糖尿病防治中無可替代的作用而使用成倍增加。二甲雙胍不單能降低血糖,還能降低糖尿病的心血管多種危險(xiǎn)因素及因糖尿病而引發(fā)的臨床不良事件。1、控制血糖:二甲雙胍控制血糖的內(nèi)在機(jī)制可以說還并不十分清楚。但一般認(rèn)為可延緩葡萄糖在消化道吸收;其主要作用在于抑制糖異生和肝糖輸出;長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用單向改善不良體質(zhì),同時(shí)增加外周組織對(duì)胰島素作用的敏感性。臨床除首選用于肥胖具有胰島素抵抗的2型糖尿病外,還可有條件地應(yīng)用于糖尿病的一級(jí)預(yù)防和二級(jí)預(yù)防,尤其是代謝綜合征向糖尿病轉(zhuǎn)化及肥胖的IGT或IFG向糖尿病的轉(zhuǎn)化。對(duì)于強(qiáng)直性肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良中的高血糖,既往沒有建立理想的治療方案,Kouki等報(bào)道二甲雙胍治療效果優(yōu)于磺脲類,可能與其明顯的改善胰島素抵抗有關(guān)[1]。二甲雙胍是除胰島素外被FDA批準(zhǔn)用于治療青少年糖尿病的口服降糖藥,但其對(duì)青少年2型糖尿病的療效可能有待提高[2]。2、控制糖尿病危險(xiǎn)因素:(1)阻斷糖耐量受損(IGT)或空腹葡萄糖受損(IFG),即糖尿病前期(prediabetes)向糖尿病轉(zhuǎn)化。美國(guó)糖尿病防治計(jì)劃(diabetes prevention program, DPP)結(jié)果證實(shí),二甲雙胍干預(yù)能有效減少糖尿病發(fā)病率31%;在3年的時(shí)間內(nèi)為了減少1例T2DM發(fā)生,需要13.9例糖尿病前期患者服用二甲雙胍[3]。在研究結(jié)束、停止干預(yù)后1-2周重做OGTT,糖尿病的發(fā)病率仍較對(duì)照組減少25%。提示二甲雙胍對(duì)T2DM的預(yù)防效果是穩(wěn)定的,而不是暫時(shí)性的藥物作用[4]。單純生活模式改變不能很好控制糖尿病發(fā)病者,可及時(shí)加用二甲雙胍。(2)調(diào)整糖尿病體質(zhì):二甲雙胍不但能減輕體重,更重要的是能降低體脂重量,增加非脂體重;增加基礎(chǔ)代謝率,減少熱量的貯存[5]。(3)治療代謝綜合征(MS):二甲雙胍治療MS具有治本和治標(biāo)雙重作用。治本即改善胰島素抵抗[6],治標(biāo)即減輕體重,升高有益因素如脂聯(lián)素[7]并降低有害因子如同型半胱胺酸水平[8]等,有利于血糖、血脂(包括餐后甘油三酯)[9]、飲食的控制[10]。這是目前其它藥物無可比擬的。(4)改善胰島素抵抗(IR):二甲雙胍除通過降低體重以間接改善IR外,本身也有直接的胰島素增敏作用[11]。如研究表明二甲雙胍直接逆轉(zhuǎn)2型糖尿病高危個(gè)體胰島素抵抗可能與抑制TNFα系統(tǒng)的作用有關(guān)[12];并且能顯著對(duì)抗急性脂質(zhì)負(fù)荷所導(dǎo)致的胰島素抵抗[13]。對(duì)嚴(yán)重的IR如黑棘皮病[11]亦有良效。(5)對(duì)多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS),二甲雙胍治療使其卵巢的容積、囊狀卵泡的數(shù)目、AMH都明顯降低[14];同時(shí)降低血漿胰島素及睪酮水平,改善IR [15]。3、防治糖尿病并發(fā)癥:二甲雙胍防治糖尿病并發(fā)癥的機(jī)制是多途徑的。除降低血糖及HbA1c外,已經(jīng)證實(shí)二甲雙胍具有不依賴于降血糖作用的抗糖化效應(yīng),并抗血小板聚集[16];可改善內(nèi)皮功能,降低von Willebrand因子、可溶性血管細(xì)胞粘附因子-1、可溶性E-選擇素、組織型纖維蛋白溶酶原激活劑、纖維蛋白溶酶原激活劑的阻滯劑等[17];并降低血漿游走抑制因子(MIF)等血管炎性因子[18],降低炎癥標(biāo)志物C-反應(yīng)蛋白濃度[19];具有確切的抗氧化作用[20],體外研究證實(shí)二甲雙胍可劑量依賴性與羥自由基(OH-)發(fā)生反應(yīng)[21]。通過這些作用以達(dá)到抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、降低冠心病發(fā)生率,減少心血管事件的效果。高血糖過度激活蛋白激酶C對(duì)碘氧基苯甲醚β2(PKC-β2)是其誘發(fā)血管并發(fā)癥的重要原因之一。二甲雙胍能降低T2DM心血管死亡率,可能與其阻止內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中高血糖誘導(dǎo)的PKC-β2易位(結(jié)構(gòu)染色體畸變)有關(guān)[20]。心衰方面,有人認(rèn)為二甲雙胍對(duì)心衰不利,可增加心衰發(fā)生率[22];但最近有兩項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果卻得出了不同的結(jié)論。其一是Masoudi等[23]對(duì)16417例醫(yī)學(xué)中心的糖尿病患者作了回顧性隊(duì)列研究,這些患者都因明確的心力衰竭而曾在中心住院。主要終點(diǎn)事件是所有原因的死亡率,次要終點(diǎn)是所有原因引起的再入院次數(shù)及再發(fā)心衰次數(shù)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)噻唑烷二酮類治療的2226例糖尿病病人1年死亡率30.1%,二甲雙胍治療的1861例糖尿病病人1年死亡率為24.7%;而非胰島素增敏藥(包括胰島素)治療的12069例糖尿病病人的死亡率為36%,均P≤0.0001。再住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)噻唑烷二酮類治療組明顯增加,而二甲雙胍治療組明顯降低。 另一項(xiàng)研究是,Nichols等[24]通過對(duì)既往沒有CHF病史的8063例糖尿病患者觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),在觀察治療期內(nèi)胰島素治療組慢性心力衰竭(CHF)發(fā)生率最高,二甲雙胍治療組CHF發(fā)生率最低。如病初即加用胰島素治療,則CHF發(fā)生率與磺脲類比較增加2.33倍,與二甲雙胍比較增加2.66倍。與磺脲類及胰島素比較,二甲雙胍治療可減少CHF的發(fā)生率,與UKPDS的結(jié)論一致。4、不良反應(yīng):凡服用二甲雙胍后出現(xiàn)消化道癥狀,都要考慮可能與二甲雙胍有關(guān)。如癥狀并不突出,繼續(xù)服用或改為餐后即服,癥狀可逐漸自行緩解乃至消失。長(zhǎng)期服用二甲雙胍可能因其抑制鈣的吸收,因VitB12的吸收依賴于鈣吸收,故可能導(dǎo)致VitB12及鈣的缺乏,但對(duì)葉酸沒有影響。長(zhǎng)期服用二甲雙胍者可適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充鈣與VitB12。乳酸性酸中毒一般認(rèn)為是二甲雙胍較為嚴(yán)重的不良作用,這種顧慮已經(jīng)影響到了二甲雙胍的臨床使用劑量的確定。但有隨機(jī)平行對(duì)照研究顯示,二甲雙胍組(7227例)的嚴(yán)重不良事件與常規(guī)治療組(1505例)相似(10.3%vs11.0%,p=0.43),所有原因致死率為1.1%VS1.3%,住院率為9.4%vs10.4%,均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,兩組均沒有乳酸中毒發(fā)生[25]。提示臨床使用二甲雙胍是安全的。參考文獻(xiàn):1. 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